[51] Placed in solitary confinement in an unheated cell and threatened with a life sentence, Penn was being accused of denying the Trinity, though this was a misinterpretation Penn himself refuted in the essay Innocency with her open face, presented by way of Apology for the book entitled The Sandy Foundation Shaken, where he himself proceeded to prove the Godhead of Christ. When invited by the Recorder to reconsider their verdict and to select a new foreman, they refused and were sent to a cell over several nights to mull over their decision. William Penn Grants One of the Original Plots of Land in Pennsylvania to a Persecuted Quaker Minister. William Penn Signed Land Grant. [45] Penn traveled frequently with Fox, through Europe and England. [9] Their neighbor was famed diarist Samuel Pepys, who was friendly at first but later secretly hostile to the Admiral, perhaps embittered in part by his failed seductions of both Penn's mother and his sister Peggy. Penn faced serious problems in the colonies due to his sloppy business practices. The times sprouted many new sects besides Quakers, including Seekers, Ranters, Antinomians, Seventh Day Baptists, Soul sleepers, Adamites, Diggers, Levellers, Behmenists, Muggletonians, and many others, as the Puritans were more tolerant than the monarchy had been. Penn granted the Free Society of Traders 20,000 acres and three seats on the Provincial Council in exchange for its investment in developing the provinces economy. At its quarterly meeting in February, the William Penn Foundation Board of Directors awarded 14 Watershed Protection grants totaling more than $5 million. Attachment of the document to the matting to ensure its protection. ), An Essay towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe by the Establishment of a European Dyet, Parliament or Estates, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Penn&oldid=1139429732, Gulielma Maria (23 January 1673 17 May 1673), William and Mary (or Maria Margaret) (twins) (born February 1674 and died May 1674 and December 1674), Springett (25 January 1675 10 April 1696), Letitia (1 March 1678 6 April 1746), who married William Awbrey (Aubrey), Unnamed child (born March 1683 and died April 1683), Gulielma Maria (November 1685November 1689), Margaret Penn (7 November 1704February 1751), married Thomas Freame (1701/02-1746) nephew of. Creation of New Jersery. But the Admiral refused to let the opportunity pass and he paid the fine, releasing his son. In 1642/3, he married Margaret Jasper Van der Schuren (d. 1682). Two leaves from Albert the Great,A Commentary on Aristotle, Probably Written Within the Lifetime of the Author, F. Scott Fitzgerald Hopes a Hollywood Studio Will Soon Employ Him, Even as He Pleads with His Landlord for a Reduction in Rent, Charles Darwin Carte de Visite Signed, With Likely Provenance of the Darwin Family, FDR Presages the New Deal and American Opposition to Fascism, A Remarkable Tenth Century Manuscript from the Cultural Renaissance Brought on by Charlemagne, from an Early Collectarium, President Warren G. Harding Signs an Engraving of the White House, William H. Taft Assembles His Campaign Team for the 1908 Election, The Subtreasury and Specie Crisis of 1838: Daniel Webster Predicts That the President Van Burens Subtreasury Bill Will Not Pass, Franklin D. Roosevelt on the Verge of Greatness. Within a year, over 560,000 acres of Pennsylvania had been sold. William Penn (16691670) My Irish Journal, edited by. 10 Deeds - 18th Century, John Penn at Allens Island near Harrisburg; 1739 Penn's to Sam Grave in New Castle, Delaware signed by Thomas Penn; 1689 William Penn to R. Murdock signed by John Marchman and R. Turner - 1500A in Sussex City, Delaware Upon receiving his grant for Pennsylvania from King Charles II in March 1681, William Penn immediately set about attracting investors and settlers. [95], All this was a radical departure from the laws and the lawmaking of European monarchs and elites. You benefit from our decades of experience in designing and creating beautiful, compelling, and protective framed historical documents. [8] The country life made a lasting impression on young Penn, and kindled in him a love of horticulture. Loe was admitted to the Penn household and during his discourses on the "Inner Light", young Penn recalled later that "the Lord visited me and gave me divine Impressions of Himself. His father not only feared for his own position but that his son seemed bent on a dangerous confrontation with the Crown. William Penn Charter Facimile for 1878 (4 pgs.) The student body was a volatile mix of swashbuckling Cavaliers (aristocratic Anglicans), sober Puritans, and nonconforming Quakers. The school itself was cast in an Anglican mode strict, humorless, and somber and teachers had to be pillars of virtue and provide sterling examples to their charges. [115] Another change was found in Penn's writings, which had mostly lost their boldness and vision. To arouse interest in Pennsylvania, Penn, in April, 1681, just after the charter was issued, published his first promotion tracts, A Brief Account of the Province of Pennsylvania and Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania in America. [20] The attempt had no effect and father and son struggled to understand each other. Penn's education heavily leaned on the classical authors and "no novelties or conceited modern writers" were allowed including William Shakespeare. At FamilySearch. William Penn (24 October [ O.S. The Papers of William Penn. Philadelphia was planned out to be grid-like with its streets and be very easy to navigate, unlike London. . After gaining his freedom, he finally married Gulielma Springett in April 1672, after a four-year engagement filled with frequent separations. [57] In 1668 in a letter to the anti-Quaker minister Jonathan Clapham, Penn wrote: "Thou must not, reader, from my querying thus, conclude we do deny (as he hath falsely charged us) those glorious Three, which bear record in heaven, the Father, Word, and Spirit; neither the infinity, eternity and divinity of Jesus Christ; for that we know he is the mighty God. Encyclopedia of American Biography (1974) p. 847. With warfare with the Dutch imminent, young Penn decided to shadow his father at work and join him at sea. [68] This case was one of the more important trials that shaped the concept of jury nullification[69] and was a victory for the use of the writ of habeas corpus as a means of freeing those unlawfully detained. [141], A pub in Rickmansworth, where Penn lived for a time, is named the Pennsylvanian in his honour, and a picture of him is used as the pub sign.[142]. William Penn (24 October [O.S. Swelling with pride, he had his portrait painted wearing a suit of armor, his most authentic likeness. [5] Admiral Penn served in the Commonwealth Navy during the War of the Three Kingdoms and was rewarded by Oliver Cromwell with estates in Ireland. [118] Now he could not even pay his son's debts. Gibsonwas a colleague of Penn himself, and correspondence between Penn and Gibson on religious matters appears in scrolls of manuscripts in England. [91], Next, he set out to lay the legal framework for an ethical society where power was derived from the people, from "open discourse", in much the same way as a Quaker Meeting was run. The state land office was established in 1682 by William Penn. [3] He was imprisoned several times in the Tower of London due to his faith, and his book No Cross, No Crown (1669), which he wrote while in prison, has become a Christian classic of theological literature. There were considerable discussions about scrapping his constitution. Some Quaker families had already arrived in Maryland and New Jersey but the numbers were small. Therefore, Quakers were treated as heretics because of their principles and their failure to pay tithes. Pennsylvania also became home for many Lutheran refugees from Catholic provinces (e.g., Salzburg), as well as for German Catholics who had also been discriminated against in their home country. [46] In effect, Penn became the first theologian, theorist, and legal defender of Quakerism, providing its written doctrine and helping to establish its public standing.[47]. In II. [Under Construction] William Penn and Original Land Grants. [7] Penn's father was often at sea. This resulted in a "curse" which lasted from that year on until 2008 when a small statue of William Penn was put on top of the newly built Comcast Center. Only a handful ever sold are this large. In order to promote the settlement of the colony and hinder speculation, Penn stipulated that purchasers seeking 1,000 acres or more would have to settle a family on each 1,000 acre lot within three years. [123] Penn had grown weary of the politicking back in Pennsylvania and the restlessness with his governance, but Logan implored him not to forsake his colony, for fear that Pennsylvania might fall into the hands of an opportunist who would undo all the good that had been accomplished. That at least one-half of the First Purchasers eventually settled in Pennsylvania also contributed significantly to the speedy establishment and development of the colony. Rational thought began to spread into science, politics, and economics, which he took a liking to. [73] But the persecution of Quakers had accelerated and the differences were overridden; Penn again resumed missionary work in Holland and Germany. And when they see Otowumba and his whole family coming in to their small rural hamlets to leech off them and eye their White daughters, they naturally balk. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983. Connecting the Past with the Present, Building Community, Creating a Legacy, TheEncyclopedia William Penn Grants One of the Original Plots of Land in Pennsylvania, a Site to Be Inhabited by Betsy Rosss Great-grandfather. 2007. However, Penn stood by the dean, thereby gaining a fine and reprimand from the university. [114], Ironically, the tolerant Penn transformed himself almost into a Puritan, in an attempt to control the fractiousness that had developed in his absence, tightening up some laws. "[104], In 1685 King Charles died, and the Duke of York was crowned James II. Although granted to William Penn by the the King of England, Penn prided himself that all of his land holdings was either purchased from, or obtained by treaty with, the native Americans. This is a testament to Gibson's commitment to the New World and his trust in Penn. Instead, Gibson became a convert. It would call for death for only two crimes, treason and murder, rather than the two hundred crimes under English law, and all cases were to be tried before a jury. To avoid conflict, he withdrew from the fray and became a reclusive scholar. They are still living close to the land; they have tradition and the household gods to remember. Holme drafted this map of Pennsylvania in 1687 delineating the land bought by the first purchasers. "[29] The Admiral returned triumphantly but London was in the grip of the plague of 1665. Penn sought to attract individuals who would settle the colony, or send servants or tenants to do so, and who had the capital or expertise to establish commercial and agricultural foundations for the province. Although Penn did not earn as much as he expected from these First Purchasers, they provided the project with a solid foundation. "Penn Charter", a well-known secondary day school, is now the oldest Quaker school in the world. [105] Penn supported James' Declaration of Indulgence, which granted toleration to Quakers, and went on a "preaching tour through England to promote the King's Indulgence". In Philadelphia, Francis Daniel Pastorius negotiated the purchase of 15,000 acres (61km2) from his friend William Penn, the proprietor of the colony, and laid out the settlement of Germantown. william penn land grants list. Penn returned home for the extraordinary splendor of the King's restoration ceremony and was a guest of honor alongside his father, who received a highly unusual royal salute for his services to the Crown. Whether from personal sympathy or political expediency, to Penn's surprise, the King granted an extraordinarily generous charter which made Penn the world's largest private (non-royal) landowner, with over 45,000 square miles (120,000km2). [113] Quakers were especially modern in their treatment of mental illness, decriminalizing insanity and turning away from punishment and confinement. [34] But after returning to the city, Penn was depressed by the mood of the city and his ailing father, so he went back to the family estate in Ireland to contemplate his future. King Charles II owed William Penn 16,000, money which his late father Admiral Sir Penn had lent him. About. When theologian John Owen was fired from his deanery, Penn and other open-minded students rallied to his side and attended seminars at the dean's house, where intellectual discussions covered the gamut of new thought. Thomas weakened or eliminated the elected assembly's power, and ran the colony instead through his appointed governors. [98] Remarkably, though the Crown reserved the right to override any law it wished, Penn's skillful stewardship did not provoke any government reaction while Penn remained in his province. The First Purchasers who responded to his promotional tracts provided essential economic support for Penns Holy Experiment.. In 1681, Charles II of England granted William Penn approximately 45,000 square miles of land in the New Worldthe region now known as Pennsylvania. [72] A minor split developed in the Quaker community between those who favored Penn's analytical formulations and those who preferred Fox's simple precepts. ), English Quaker William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681, when King Charles II granted him a charter for over 45,000 square miles of land. [10], Penn was educated first at Chigwell School, by private tutors whilst in Ireland, and later at Christ Church, Oxford. Signed original land grant by William Penn in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. William Penn received a generous land charter from King Charles II of England to create a Quaker settlement in North America. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. These earlier colonists had no historical allegiance to a "Pennsylvania", so they almost immediately began petitioning for their own representative assembly. William Penn University in Oskaloosa, Iowa, which was founded by Quaker settlers in 1873, was named in his honor. However, Penn's Quaker government was not viewed favorably by the previous Dutch and Swedish colonists, and earlier English settlers in what is now Delaware, but claimed for half a century by the neighboring Province of Maryland's proprietor family, the Calverts and Lord Baltimore. The Admiral had great hopes that his son then had the practical sense and the ambition necessary to succeed as an aristocrat. The "East Side" and "West Side" Applications (corresponding to land on the East and Upon receiving his grant for Pennsylvania in March 1681, William Penn (1644-1718) immediately set about attracting investors and settlers. [13] Though later opposing Anglicanism on religious grounds, Penn absorbed many Puritan behaviors, and was known later for his serious demeanor, strict behavior and lack of humor. Penns first promotional tract, Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania, set out the terms for obtaining land and promised to clear all Indian titles. William Penn arrived in Pennsylvania accompanied by surveyor Thomas Holme. [26], Upon returning to England after two years abroad, he presented to his parents a mature, sophisticated, well-mannered, "modish" gentleman, though Samuel Pepys noted young Penn's "vanity of the French". Many Quakers pledged to release their slaves upon their death, including Penn, and some sold their slaves to non-Quakers.[116]. The democratic principles that he included in the West Jersey Concessions, and set forth in the Pennsylvania Frame of Government served as an inspiration for the members of the convention framing the new U.S. Constitution in Philadelphia in 1787. He had young Penn enroll in law school but soon his studies were interrupted. Dunn, Richard S. and Mary Maples Dunn, eds. The William Penn High School for Girls was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. As one of the earlier supporters of colonial unification, Penn wrote and urged for a union of all the English colonies in what was to become the United States of America. Penn was to have two and a half per cent of the profits on the trade, so he gave up a lot to make his dream commonwealth a reality. Follow Backgrounders on Twitter This includes:The finest frames, tailored to match the document you have chosen. They had three children: William (1644-1718), Margaret (1645-1718) and Richard (1648-1673). These can period style, antiqued, gilded, wood, etc. Bil Keane created the comic Silly Philly for the Philadelphia Bulletin, a juvenile version of Penn, that ran from 1947 to 1961. [89] Though thoroughly oppressed, getting Quakers to leave England and make the dangerous journey to the New World was his first commercial challenge. I shall not usurp the right of any, or oppress his person. He promised, Whatever sober and free men can reasonably desire for the security and improvement of their own happiness I shall heartily comply with The response to Perms offer to sell lands to prospective colonists was amazing. He had sunk over 30,000 in America and received little back except for some bartered goods. Campion apparently transferred his rights, as it lists Andrew Griscomb (also spelled Griscom) as taking the land. By 1685, Penn had sold over 700,000 acres to roughly 600 purchasers, which earned him about 9,000. Two years after Gulielma's death he married Hannah Margaret Callowhill (16711726), daughter of Thomas Callowhill and Anna (Hannah) Hollister. Admiral Penn took part in the restoration of King Charles II and was eventually knighted and served in the Royal Navy. It was powered by water from the Wissahickon Creek and used to produce lime for the construction of the area's brick and mortar buildings. [76] That same year, two hundred settlers from the towns of Chorleywood and Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire and other towns in nearby Buckinghamshire arrived, and founded the town of Burlington. Penn purchased the first tract of land under a white oak tree at Graystones on 15 July 1682. But King James, a Catholic with a largely Protestant parliament, proved a poor ruler, stubborn and inflexible. revere, ma condo foreclosures; don wilson obituary shelby nc Little William caught smallpox at a young age, losing all his hair (he wore a wig until he left college), prompting his parents to move from the suburbs to an estate in Essex. The following indices to land records are available as online images. Protective "glass," or Tru Vue Optium Acrylic glazing, which is shatter resistant, 99% UV protective, and anti-reflective. The new government's discouragement of religious dissent gave the Cavaliers the license to harass the minority groups. Dunn, Mary Maples and Richard S. Dunn et al., eds. His wife, however, did not enjoy life as a governor's wife and hostess and preferred the simple life she led in England. Attachment of the document to the matting to ensure its protection. This second mill and the Hope Lodge remain standing and serve as a museum. You benefit from our decades of experience in designing and creating beautiful, compelling, and protective framed historical documents. "[25] By adapting his mentor's belief in free will, Penn felt unburdened of Puritanical guilt and rigid beliefs and was inspired to search out his own religious path. Free shipping for many products! Penn was accused of preaching before a gathering in the street, which Penn had deliberately provoked to test the validity of the 1664 Conventicle Act, just renewed in 1670, which denied the right of assembly to "more than five persons in addition to members of the family, for any religious purpose not according to the rules of the Church of England". When Ford died in 1702, his widow Bridget threatened to sell Pennsylvania, to which she claimed title. We invite you to be in touch with us and with the grantees listed below . [54][55][56] Penn expressly confessed he believed in the Holy Three as well as in the divinity of Christ. McGill's iconic Arts Building, built in 1843. Though Penn's original plans were to sell off large tracts, most of the purchases were for 500 acres and plots as small as 125 acres could be purchased. William Gibson, born in 1629, was a Puritan and soldier in the Parliamentary army during England's Civil Wars. One such paper turned out to be a deed transferring ownership of Pennsylvania to Ford who then demanded a rent beyond Penn's ability to pay. One of the largest First Purchasers was the Frankfort Land Company, which bought 15,000 acres. He is an architectural historian with a research interest in the relationship between the design fields and the emergence of global environmental culture across the 20th century. [18] Penn learned the valuable skills of forming ideas into theory, discussing theory through reasoned debate, and testing the theories in the real world. The document gives the parties as, William Penn of Worminghurst in the County of Sussex, Esq., on the one part, and of William Campion, Budge-brook, Northampton, yeoman, of the other part and gives the grant as being for 500 acres. Penn stayed close to home but continued writing his tracts, espousing religious tolerance and railing against discriminatory laws. "[14], A year later, Cromwell was dead, the royalists resurging, and the Penn family returned to England. North10 Philadelphia to pilot a new community cleaning corps program to maintain abandoned lots and parks in the Hunting Park-East Tioga sections of North Philadelphia. Whereas king Charles II hath given and granted unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, all that tract or part of land in America together with divers great powers, pre-eminences, authorities, royalties, franchises and immunities; and hath erected the said tract of land into a province or signory, by the name of Pennsylvania, in order to the establishing of a colony and plantation in the same: And hath thereby also further granted unto the said William Penn, his heirs and assigns, from time to time, power and license to assign, alien, grant, demise, such parts and parcels of the said province or tract of land, as he or they shall think fit, to such person or persons as shall be willing to purchase the same in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for term of life or years, to be holden of the said William Penn.Now this indenture witnesseth, that the said William Penn, as well for and in consideration of the sum of tenn pounds sterling, monies to him in hand paid by the said William Gibson." Item Number: 121655 Rare early American land grant signed by the founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn as the new province's first governor. Early, original land grants from Penn are increasingly uncommon, particularly given the relationship between Penn and Gibson. In March 1987, the completion of One Liberty Place was the first building to do that. "[70] The Admiral also knew that after his death young Penn would become more vulnerable in his pursuit of justice. Indeed, more than fifty per cent of the First Purchasers actually came to Pennsylvania and settled there. On his part, Penn agreed to clear the Indian title on 500,000 acres of land, then to lay out a principal city wherein each purchaser would receive ten acres of land for each five hundred purchased. He is therefore considered the first thinker to suggest the creation of a European Parliament and what would become the modern European Union in the late 20th century (See An Essay Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe (1693)). [27] Penn had developed a taste for fine clothes, and for the rest of his life would pay somewhat more attention to his dress than most Quakers. Penn had plenty of time to spend with his family and still attend to affairs of state, though delegations and official visitors were frequent. Pennsylvania land grant to John Tizacke, signed by William Penn, 12 May 1684. 1. It is approximately 2 feet by 2 feet. "[30] Further he observed how Quakers on errands of mercy were arrested by the police and demonized by other religions, even accused of causing the plague.[31]. Pennsylvania has remained the heartland for various branches of Anabaptists: Old Order Mennonites, Ephrata Cloister, Brethren, and Amish. At Library and Archives Canada. Matthew A. Zimmerman earned his Ph.D. in History at Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. (Historical Society of Pennsylvania) Hamilton's success led to an established relationship of goodwill between the Penn family and Andrew Hamilton. [24] The undogmatic Christian humanist talked of a tolerant, adapting view of religion which appealed to Penn, who later stated, "I never had any other religion in my life than what I felt. Thomas Holme's "Mapp of the Improved Part of Pennsylvania in America," 1687. So at age 18, young Penn was sent to Paris to get him out of view, improve his manners, and expose him to another culture. They had nine children in twelve years: After Penn's death, Pennsylvania slowly drifted away from a colony founded by religion to a secular state dominated by commerce. In 1683, the Frankfort Land Company, a group of German investors represented by Daniel Francis Pastorius (1651-c. 1720), received 15,000 acres. [112] Despite the protests of fundamentalists and farmers, Penn's insistence that Quaker grammar schools be open to all citizens was producing a relatively educated workforce. It reads, in small part, ". A lesser-known statue of Penn is located at Penn Treaty Park, on the site where Penn entered into his treaty with the Lenape, which is famously commemorated in the painting Penn's Treaty with the Indians. Randall M. Miller and William Pencak, ed.. Scharf, John Thomas and Thompson Wescott (1884). Streets that have been named after William Penn include Penn Avenue which is a major arterial street in Pittsburgh and Wilkinsburg, PA, as well as Penn Avenue in Scranton, PA and Penn Street in Bristol, PA. Thomas Nelson (2009). 17 Vols. These can period style, antiqued, gilded, wood, etc. Last edited on 15 February 2023, at 02:40, An Essay Towards the Present and Future Peace of Europe, Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, A Defence of the Christian doctrines of the Society of Friends: being a reply to the charge of denying the three that bear record in heaven, "1670: The Jury Earns Its Independence (Bushel's case)", "William Penn (English Quaker leader and colonist)", "Springett Penn (1675-1696) - Find a Grave", "Letitia Penn Aubrey (1678-1746) - Find a Grave", "Margaret Penn Freame (1704-1751) - Find a Grave", William Penn, the Englishman who invented the European Parliament, Proclamation of Honorary US Citizenship for William and Hannah Penn, "If it walks like William Penn, talks like William Penn and looks like William Penn . He was a bitter opponent of Benjamin Franklin and Franklin's push for greater democracy in the years leading up to the revolution. [100] Bidding goodbye to his wife and children, he reminded them to "avoid pride, avarice, and luxury".[101]. Each mans land would be located with access to a navigable stream and to a village. High literacy and open intellectual discourse led to Philadelphia becoming a leader in science and medicine. [124] During his second attempt to sell Pennsylvania back to the Crown in 1712, Penn suffered a stroke. Penn rebelled against enforced worship and was expelled. The Raab Collection. Daniel Barber is an Associate Professor of Architecture in the School of Design. [111] His tree plantings were providing the green urban spaces he had envisioned. He branded the Catholic Church as "the Whore of Babylon", defied the Church of England, and called the Puritans "hypocrites and revelers in God". [87], Besides achieving his religious goals, Penn had hoped that Pennsylvania would be a profitable venture for himself and his family. In 1681, King Charles agreed to the deal, and he named the new colony "Pennsylvania" or Penn's Woods for the Penn family. Voltaire praised Pennsylvania as the only government in the world that responds to the people and is respectful of minority rights. While Penns fellow Englishmen comprised most of the First Purchasers, his advertising efforts in continental Europe also attracted individual investors from Germany, Holland, and France. They refused to bow or take off their hats to social superiors, believing all men equal under God, a belief antithetical to an absolute monarchy that believed the monarch divinely appointed by God. of Sussex County, Delaware disputed some of the rights of Penn's grant from the Duke of York. For his role in restoring the monarchy, Admiral Penn was knighted and gained a powerful position as Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty. [16] Also at this time, Penn was developing his individuality and philosophy of life. Penn, though a well-known dissident and Quaker, had maintained a civil relationship with the Stuart ruler, and the . Morgan, Edmund S. "The World and William Penn,". There have been claims that he also fought slavery, but that seems unlikely, as he owned and even traded slaves himself and his writings do not support that idea. Penn offered for sale initially fifty blocks of land, each of which contained 10,000 acres. They also refused to swear oaths of loyalty to the King believing that this was following the command of Jesus not to swear. Penn's "Frame of Government" and his other ideas were later studied by Benjamin Franklin as well as the pamphleteer of the American Revolution, Thomas Paine, whose father was a Quaker. Each frame is custom constructed, using only proper museum archival materials.
Categories: arizona congressional district map 2022
william penn land grants list